When one allele is described as “dominant” in its relationship with another allele, it is easy to assume that this means the dominant allele will be more common in the population. The frequency of various coat colors is entirely dependent on human preference. Since a horse with one functional, wild-type copy of this gene can still put black pigment into their hair, and a horse needs 2 copies of the mutated allele to be unable to do so, the mutated allele (e) is described as recessive to the wild-type allele (E). The loss-of-function mutation that makes horses unable to put black pigment into their hair is involved in the creation of the chestnut coat color. TLDR: “Dominant” does not mean “common”, and a black coat is not itself dominant to chestnut coat instead, this statement (“black is dominant to red”) refers to the relationship between two specific alleles at the Extension locus.
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